warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492-2015.

In 1558, the Governor of Al-Hasa had attempted to invade Bahrain, but was decisively beaten back. One key area of the conflict was Bahrain, which had been conquered by the Portuguese in 1521, and ruled indirectly since then.

One such attempt took place in 1558, in which 15,000 Acehnese and 400 Ottoman artillerymen laid siege to Malacca for a month, before conceding defeat.

This period came to an end in 1566, with the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Ottoman Empire's following acceptance of Portugal's domination of the Indian Ocean.Īfter the Portuguese seized Malacca in 1529, the Javanese and Acehense made multiple attempts to take it back. During this period, the Ottomans attacked Portuguese ships, forts, and settlements in the Indian Ocean, Asia and East Africa. Portugal had been victorious in the second Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559), however the Ottomans were determined to dominate the Indian Ocean, and curb the continuous expansion of the Portuguese Empire in the Indian Ocean, which threatened the Ottoman monopoly of the spice trade through the Middle East. The third Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1558–1566) was a period of armed military conflict between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the Indian Ocean.

Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492-2015.